1. The sonographer should be aware of the normal cranial border and shape of the fetal head. All of the following represent normal except:

smooth border

shape of a circle at the top

shape of an oval at the base

uneven borders secondary to suture overlap

2. The single most common neural tube defect is:

Dandy Walker variant

Acrania

Anencephaly

Holoprosencephaly


3. The condition in which the forebrain only partially develops and then degenerates is known as:

Anencephaly

Encephalocele

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

Microcephaly

4. Cranial ossification is completed by the ______ week of pregnancy:

fifth

twelfth

sixteenth

twenty-fourth


5. Common ultrasound findings in a fetus with anencephaly include all except:

absent skull and brain above the orbits

absent cranium with irregular brain tissue

polyhydramnios

bulging orbits because of the absent frontal bone

1. Acrania
2. Amniotic band syndrome
3. Severe Microcephaly
4. Cephaloce

6. cranium present
a b c d

7. brain is abnormal but present
a b c d

8. usually asymmetric cranial defects with amputations of limbs
a b c d

9. brain herniation, but brain is present
a b c d


10.The precursor to anencephaly may be:

microcephaly

acrania

cephalocele

amniotic band syndrome


11. The condition, meningohydroencephalocele, involves which structures?

meninges and brain

ventricles, meninges

ventricles, brain, meninges

ventricles, brain


12. Sonographic characteristics of cephaloceles include all the following except:

an extracranial mass

microcephaly

ventriculomegaly

bony defect in the skull


13. The condition that is associated with a small brain and mental retardation is known as:

hydrocephaly

microcephaly

acrania

cephalocele


14. Microcephaly may be diagnosed as early as:

three weeks

ten weeks

fifteen weeks

twenty-four weeks


15. The definition of microcephaly is:

BPD more than 3 standard deviations below the mean

HC more than 1.3 standard deviations below the mean

BPD/FL more than 2 standard deviations below the mean

BPD/AC more than 2 standard deviations below the mean


16. The communication between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is known as:

foramen of Monroe

aqueduct of Sylvius

foramen of Lysikae

aqueduct of Monroe


17. Fetal ventriculomegaly progresses from the _________ horns into the ___________ horns and then to the ___________ horns.

temporal, frontal, occipital

lateral, temporal, frontal

occipital, temporal, frontal

frontal, temporal, occipital


18. One of the most common causes of ventriculomegaly is:

aqueductal stenosis

arachnoid cyst

Dandy Walker variant
Microcephaly

19. The condition in which brain tissue is replaced by a massive amount of cerebrospinal fluid is:

hydrocephaly

hydranencephaly

holoprosencephaly

ventriculomegaly


20. Choroid plexus cysts usually dissolve by __________ weeks gestation.

10

24

32

36

21. A group of brain disorders that result from abnormal cleavage of the prosencephalon or forebrain is called:

hydranencephaly

aqueductal stenosis

holoprosencephaly

encephalocele

22. The most severe form of holoprosencephaly is :

alobar

semilobar

quasilobar

lobar

23. On ultrasound, alobar holoprosencephaly is characterized by all except:

a single ventricle that appears in a "C"shape.

pancake configuration of the brain tissue

fusion of the thalamus, proboscis, fused orbits

division of the thalamus

24. Sonographic characteristics of agenesis of the corpus callosum include all except:

superior elevation of the third ventricle

fusion of the thalamus

lateral ventricular displacement in a more lateral and superior position

dilatation of the occipital horns

25. A defect involving the cerebellar vermis with dilatation of the fourth ventricle is called:.

Dandy Walker malformation

Microcephaly

Semilobar holoprosencephaly

Aquaductal stenosis